İnsan çok yönlü bir varlıktır ve onun bu çok yönlü oluşu bir açıdan özünde taşıdığı çift kutupların etkin uzantılarıyla açıklanabilir. Doğrusu, çift kutuplu insanda nedenler üzerinden işleyen faktörlerden biri benlik diğeri ise istençtir. İnsanı tanıma girişimlerinde etkin olan benlik ve istenç faktörleri, kişilik çözümlemesi yapan psikologlarca, sıklıkla gündeme getirilir. Benlik ve istenç, içinde insanlığı derinden etkileyen iki deneyim türü olarak savaş ve barışın da bulunduğu pek çok durumu yönlendiren özlere sahiptir. İnsanın çok yönlü oluşu söz konusu edildiğinde, onda, benlikleri (...) harekete geçiren güç istenci, hak istenci ve aşk istenci gibi kimi istençler akla gelebilir. Benlikleri yönlendiren bu istençler, aynı zamanda, savaş ve barış durumu konusunu tartışmada da önemli birer rol üstlenirler. (shrink)

Şiir denilen edebi türün can damarı duygulardır ve korku, ümit, neşe, üzüntü gibi pek çok duygunun en yoğun yaşandığı zemin de savaş meydanlarıdır. Bu yüzden yazılı ilk edebi metinler savaş ve kahramanlıkları anlatan destanlar olmuştur. Klasik Arap şiirinin pişdar isimlerinden olan Mütenebbî, pek çok edebi mahareti içerisinde savaşa ait unsurların tasvirlerdeki başarısı ile Arap şiir eleştirmenleri tarafından takdir edilmiştir. Şair çoğu kez övdüğü kimlerin savaşlardaki heybeti, atlarının ihtişamı, kılıç, mızrak ve ok gibi silah araçlarının öldürücülüğü vb. hususlarda tasvirlerde (...) bulunmuştur. Şairin hayal gücüne uyum sağlayan söz sanatlarındaki ustalığı da bir araya gelince, savaş filmi sahnelerini aratmayan olağanüstü şiirler ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada Mütenebbî’nin söz konusu şiirlerindeki tasvirleri başlıklar halinde incelenmiştir. Girişte şairin hayatı ve şairliği hakkında kısa bir tanıtım yapılmıştır. Sonrasında ise Onun şiirlerinden kılıç, mızrak, atlar, savaş meydanına gelen leşçillerin nasıl tasvir edildiğine dair ilgi çekici örnekler seçilmiş ve zaman zaman eleştiriye tabi tutulmuştur. Kısacası bu çalışmada Mütenebbî’nin şiirleri, savaş edebiyatı açısından Türk akademisine tanıtılmak istenilmiştir. Sonuç olarak konunun akademik bir tez düzeyinde araştırılması tavsiye edilmiştir. (shrink)

An examination of the Oxford group of the followers of John Hutchinson , the self-taught Hebrew scholar, natural philosopher and cosmologist, provides insights into the change in the movement that bears his name. Hutchinsonians who studied at Oxford, like George Horne , William Jones and Alexander Catcott , first adopted Hutchinson's ideas in much the same uncompromising form as the earliest followers of Hutchinson had done. However, later on, we see an effort by members of this Oxford group to moderate (...) the profile of the movement. They gradually developed a sense of the need to embrace a more generalised orthodoxy instead of pursuing at all costs their own esoteric defence of the Trinity. They also began to soften what had been their sometimes patronising, sometimes aggressive attitudes to those not convinced of Hutchinson's brilliance and sufficiency. The realisation among this Oxford group that a full-blooded Hutchinsonian system was on the margins of orthodox thinking led them to develop a more integrated approach which arguably contributed to the gradual breakdown of Hutchinsonianism as a coherent body of thought. (shrink)

The importance of Hebraic studies as part of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment debate can hardly be overestimated. The question of the authority of the Books of Scripture forced intellectuals in England to revisit the language of the Old Testament text. The agenda of the Hutchinsonians here was to highlight the Old Testament's Trinitarian elements, as they saw them. The controversy over the etymology of the word Elahim illustrated that the Hutchinsonians were the young Turks of orthodoxy in the fight between fideism (...) and rationalism. It also demonstrated the problem the Hutchinsonians represented for those who would otherwise be their Trinitarian allies. (shrink)

SummaryThe Fair Intellectual Club was the earliest female intellectual sociability on record in Britain in the eighteenth century. A study of the club provides insights into the motivations for founding such a society. The reading list of the club contains some twenty pamphlets on a variety of subjects including the education of both sexes, friendship and moral issues. The particular question in mind while assessing these materials will be, as far as this club is concerned, what kind of philosophical understanding (...) of sociability inspired these ladies. The Fair Intellectual Club also provides a platform for discussion of questions about the identity, the responsibility, and the gender of learned persons, in addition to their role as active agents in the production of knowledge in the eighteenth century. (shrink)

A study of the Hutchinsonian interests of John Wesley shows that the founder of Methodism over a long period had a recurrent engagement with this predominantly High-Church Anglican combination of Physics and Theology. The argument of this paper is that Wesley had several reasons to take an interest in Hutchinsonianism. Firstly, Wesley was dissatisfied with the systematisation of Newtonian Cosmology, in the form of Newtonianism, in its ambitions to be a scientific paradigm that tried to explain everything in its own (...) terms. Hence Hutchinsonianism seemed to Wesley a promising alternative, and a refreshing approach to Natural Philosophy. What also interested him was the Hutchinsonian approach to biblical interpretation, heavily based on the unpointed Hebrew text of the Old Testament. By throwing into question the conventionally accepted vowel-pointing of the Old Testament text, Hutchinson and his followers had potentially opened up a rich vein for reinterpretation. While Wesley, in general, questioned a scriptural monopoly over cosmology, he was at the same time a Lockean sensationalist who believed that the human capacity to attain any kind of knowledge, let alone divine knowledge, was limited, thereby leaving an important role for the written divine revelation contained in the bible. Lastly, although Hutchinsonianism appealed mostly to certain High Church Anglicans, its attractions did extend across boundaries between different forms of Anglicanism and even to different denominations, because in many ways these different groups had common philosophical concerns in the eighteenth century. Wesley's constant evocation of Hutchinsonian teachings throughout his life, which will be illustrated through an investigation of his correspondence, journals and published works, stemmed from his struggle to negotiate his understanding of the cosmos and of the Old Testament's account of it, and from his perception that Hutchinsonian ideas represented a similar effort. ☆ A preliminary version of the paper was read at An International Conference at the University of Manchester on John Wesley: Life, Legend and Legacy 15–18 June 2003. (shrink)

It has always been a matter of curiosity what kind of information art, which is far from ordinary and untouchable, provides people. Confronting a person with an art object means looking at the window of a world different from the world of daily routines, with his head stuck out. We can describe this world as magical in a romantic way. This magic arises from the difference in the functioning of perception, interpretation and judgment processes, which the person confronted with an (...) art object has difficulty in explaining to himself from time to time. Because the acquisition of perception in the world of routines and the acquisition of perception from the art object are different in terms of the functioning of mental processes... (shrink)

Today, humanity is trying to turn the artificial intelligence that it produces into natural intelligence. Although this effort is technologically exciting, it often raises ethical concerns. Therefore, the intellectual ability of artificial intelligence will always bring new questions. Although there have been significant developments in the consciousness of artificial intelligence, the issue of consciousness must be fully explained in order to complete this development. When consciousness is fully understood by human beings, the subject of “free will” will be explained. Therefore, (...) human consciousness should be re-examined and perceptions that we are not aware of from a philosophical point of view should be examined. The relevance of the perceptions we do not realize to the unconscious, and finally the impact on consciousness goes back to the sources of philosophy. Hegel, in particular, we may find information about these perceptions unusual. Consciousness cannot be separated from the unconscious. Consciousness should be rethought in the context of memory models and unconscious in this sense. Seeing how Hegel's human cognition acts, especially in Hegel's perception, raises the unconscious question again. If we expect something different from an artificial intelligence, we need to rethink the artificial cognitive model. This paper argues that without the unconscious component of artificial intelligence, it cannot approach human cognition. -/- Key Words: Artificial Intelligence, Creativity, Memory, perception . (shrink)

The aim of this study is to investigate students’ conceptions about proof in mathematics and mathematics teaching. A five‐point Likert‐type questionnaire was administered in order to gather data. The sample of the study included 33 first‐year secondary school mathematics students . The data collected were analysed and interpreted using the methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results have revealed that the students think that mathematical proof has an important place in mathematics and mathematics education. The students’ studying methods for (...) exams based on imitative reasoning which can be described as a type of reasoning built on copying proof, for example, by looking at a textbook or course notes proof or through remembering a proof algorithm. Moreover, they addressed to the differences between mathematics taught in high school and university as the main cause of their difficulties in proof and proving. (shrink)

An aesthetic object should be understood and analyzed by the subject in accordance with its object characteristics, except that it is the subject of the subject. In this sense, the aesthetic object, rather than just an object, has all the cognitive characteristics of its artist. The aesthetic subject faces these cognitive characteristics. The perception-perception structure of the subject and the reciprocity relation with the object are examined in this thesis study in order to perceive the aesthetic object correctly and to (...) judge about it. This study is also a study of what the subject can perceive in terms of their perception and interpretation abilities. Additionally, such an approach will enrich the perception-based aesthetic perspectives in the focus of discussions in the philosophy of art. (shrink)

The aesthetic creation experience surpasses the regular known form of aesthetic subject-object relationship. It is unfortunately not sufficient to approach the problem in terms of sustaining subject and/or object side in this relation. However, the classical explanation of arts consider the relation according to one-sided approach(es). It is known that the fundamental approaches of aesthetics in the history of philosophy can be reduced to epistemological, ontological or ethical divisions. The contemporary approaches in aesthetics are in need of psychological theories as (...) much as they require philosophical holistic outlook. (shrink)

Since its existence, art objects have always been different from other objects in terms of perception and interpretation and have preserved their mystery for both the artist and the audience. This mystery was tried to be supported by various theories by the artist and the audience, and defined and defined with concepts such as spiritual development, spirituality and intuition. There is an ambiguity especially regarding intuition. The concept of intuition seems to be trapped in a bridge between the physical world (...) and the superphysical world. The concept of intuition has been interpreted together with the teachings of Theosophy and Buddhism and turned into an educational theory in today's art-based studies. In our age, interpretations beyond reality are increasing and unfortunately faced with the danger of losing the ground of reality. Art is a type of knowledge and knowing. Due to this feature, the compatibility of surreal discourses with this type of knowledge is discussed in this article, and on the other hand, it is tried to show how concepts such as synesthesia and intuition become possible on the basis of reality, based on the artistic experiences of world-famous artists. (shrink)

We consider a new fragment of first-order logic with two variables. This logic is defined over interval structures. It constitutes unary predicates, a binary predicate and a function symbol. Considering such a fragment of first-order logic is motivated by defining a general framework for event-based interval temporal logics. In this paper, we present a sound, complete and terminating decision procedure for this logic. We show that the logic is decidable, and provide a NEXPTIME complexity bound for satisfiability. This result shows (...) that even a simple decidable fragment of first-order logic has NEXPTIME complexity. (shrink)

The Turkish-language release of Hanne Blank's Virgin: The Untouched History is a politically engaged translation aimed at disrupting Turkey's heteropatriarchal virginity codes. In Virgin Crossing Borders, Emek Ergun maps how she crafted her rendering of the text and draws on her experience and the book's impact to investigate the interventionist power of feminist translation. Ergun's comparative framework reveals translation's potential to facilitate cross-border flows of feminist theories, empower feminist interventions, connect feminist activists across differences and divides, and forge transnational (...) feminist solidarities. As she considers hopeful and woeful pictures of border crossings, Ergun invites readers to revise their views of translation's role in transnational feminism and examine their own potential as ethically and politically responsible agents willing to search for new meanings. Sophisticated and compelling, Virgin Crossing Borders reveals translation's vital role in exchanges of feminist theories, stories, and knowledge. (shrink)